How to find and replace unrecognizable characters in multiple files of a folder with the correct character using Notepad ++?

[Ramanand Jhingade]

@PeterJones I found a method to find all non-ascii characters from multiple files of a folder here: notepad-tip-find-out-non-ascii
I think I should check all that individually but if you know a less time consuming method, please let me know! I observed that at most places, they are showing up as they should, it is only in some places that a unicode is shown (probably a bug)

[Ramanand Jhingade]

@PeterJones @guy038 Is there a way to find invalid characters using the information here: how-to-change-all-invalid-characters-to-spaces ?

[PeterJones]

@Ramanand-Jhingade said in How to find and replace unrecognizable characters in multiple files of a folder with the correct character using Notepad ++?:

[posted screenshots]

Thank you for doing screenshots. Unfortunately, you didn’t pay attention to my request or look at my example screenshots, because your screenshots did not show the Notepad++ status bar at the bottom of the window, so there was no proof of the encoding. I will just have to take your word for “the encoding is already UTF 8”, whereas if you had done what I asked, it would have been included in the screenshots, so I could be sure. Further, you didn’t understand that my request wanted you to show a screenshot at each of the four steps of the procedure I gave you, just like my example gave four screenshots, one at each of the four steps.

The encoding is already UTF 8, so how to find and replace the unrecognized characters?

You appear to be not understanding my posts and screenshots.

Did you notice in my #1 screenshot above, shown again here:

… that the “encoding is already UTF 8” – you can see this in the lower-right corner, in the Notepad++ status bar; that’s the reason I included the status bar in my screenshot, and why I asked you to include the status bar in your screenshot.

The fact that the “encoding is already UTF 8” was the whole point of what I was trying to show you: Notepad++ thinks the encoding is UTF-8, but it has run across the x91x92x93x94 bytes which are not valid UTF 8 encoded characters – so you have badly-formed UTF-8.

You also linked to,

notepad-tip-find-out-non-ascii : https://www.datagenx.net/2015/12/notepad-tip-find-out-non-ascii.html

which suggests that you use [^\x00-\x7F]+. That would work, if you were in ANSI or one of the character-set encodings. But if your file is interpreted as UTF-8, then search will not find any such codepoints, because the bytes x93 and x94 are not properly encoded characters, so the search function does not always find them. See this example:

Notice how the only two lines bookmarked are the first (where the bytes run into each other, so that the high bytes at least match the UTF-8 requirement of having multiple 0x80-0xFF bytes adjacent to each other, rather than with non-high-bit characters like a space between) and the fourth (where there are other non-ASCII but validly-encoded UTF-8 characters); it does not match line 2 (where the bytes are space separated).

Trying to find a search in Notepad++ to find invalidly-encoded characters is hard, because the Notepad++ search function assumes your data is properly encoded in whatever encoding Notepad++ is currently set to.

However, I did some more experimenting, and found a procedure that should work without ruining other UTF-8 text, and just fix the poorly-encoded smart quotes.

1. Verify that the status bar and/or Notepad++ Encoding menu currently is selected on UTF-8 or UTF-8-BOM
   

2. Use Encoding > ANSI to convince Notepad++ that your bytes are ANSI, not UTF-8.

   1. Before:
   2. After:
   3. You will notice that the “good” characters currently “look” wrong. Don’t worry about that for now. Trust me. But now “arulvaakku” looks right

   _WARNING: If you are not showing as “ANSI” encoding before starting step 3, you have not followed my instructions and this will not work! Step 2 will get you to the right point, but only if you have followed by instructions.

3. Do a couple of search/replace. These four will change all single and double smart quotes into the correct three-byte sequence. (use regular expression search mode for all search/replace below)

   1. search \x91 replace \xE2\x80\x98
   2. search \x92 replace \xE2\x80\x99
   3. search \x93 replace \xE2\x80\x9C
   4. search \x94 replace \xE2\x80\x9D

   At this point, it will look “worse”, but that’s okay. Trust me.

4. Use the Encoding > UTF-8 to tell Notepad++ to re-interpret the file as if the bytes were UTF-8, which is what you want. At this point, everything looks good:
   

5. SAVE

I think I should check all that individually but if you know a less time consuming method, please let me know! I observed that at most places, they are showing up as they should, it is only in some places that a unicode is shown (probably a bug)

My method won’t be great if you have a lot of files. If there is a bug, it’s a bug in how your HTML was generated.

Alternatives

If the only non-ASCII characters in your entire file are the x93 and x94 smart quotes, then just ignore how it “looks” in notepad++, and tell your webserver that the file is encoded as Windows-1252 (using both server settings and maybe a meta-charset HTML tag

If the only non-ASCII characters in your entire file are x93 and x94 smart quotes, then try to convince Notepad++ to automatically interpret it as ANSI. Some things to try to get that result

1. Settings > Preferences > New Document:

   • Set “Encoding” to either “ANSI” or “Windows-1252”
   • Make sure “Apply to opened ANSI files” is not checked

2. Settings > Preferences > MISC

   • Try changing the setting of “Autodetect character encoding” to either checked or not.

After changing any of those settings, you may have to reload your file to get Notepad++ to apply its new settings. I do not guarantee that these settings will work for you… the auto-detect is notorious for disagreeing with the user as to what encoding it thinks is there, and everyone has different ideas of the “right” settings, depending on what their text normally looks like, and what bytes they contain.

3. After loading a file, if Notepad++ doesn’t get it right, and you see the x93 and x94 boxes, just switch to Encoding > ANSI and everything will look right. On that file, you’d definitely want to include the meta-charset tag

Non-Notepad++ Alternative

If you have lots of files that have mixed encoding with some normal UTF-8 characters and some windows-1252 smart quotes, it might not be efficient to make the changes in Notepad++. Instead, you might want to find a non-Notepad++ solution. I would suggest trying command line tools, maybe like “iconv” or “sed” – there are windows versions of those tools, but this forum is not the right place to find help on those.

Done

I have explained these to the best of my ability. I am not confident that you have understood the points I have been making, or my instructions for how to fix your data. Unfortunately, I don’t know how else to say it. If you have more questions, feel free to ask; but I am going to likely leave it up to someone different to step in and try to help you, because I don’t know what more I could say that I haven’t already said.

[PeterJones]

@Ramanand-Jhingade ,

If you end up going down the route of non-Notepad++ solutions (remembering that here is not the right place to ask questions if you do), @Vasile-Caraus has posted a couple of non-Notepad++ tools that might be able to do the search-and-replace in the way that you want, the tools listed in these two posts. The second tool which he mentioned, grepWin, has been recommended by other users on the forum as well, especially in circumstances when Notepad++'s find-in-files wasn’t properly handling encoding-detection.

Vasile showed it working for the bytes � (which is the UTF-encoding for �) because that was the focus of that previous discussion. But it will likely also work if you wanted to replace \x93 with “ and \x94 with ” – and might be easier for you to figure out than iconv or command-line grep.

Given your requirements, grepWin may be the best tool for you for this particular smart-quote problem. (if you have grepWin questions, you will need to find a grepWin forum or other generic help site, because the Notepad++ Community is focused on Notepad++)

[Ramanand Jhingade]

@PeterJones I finally found a solution here: how-to-find-non-ascii-unprintable-characters-using-notepad-plus-plus
We have to select the Regular expression mode and search/find with this code: [\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F-\x9F]
I will do the replacements one by one instead of using “Replace all”

[Ramanand Jhingade]

@Ramanand-Jhingade The

Find All

is making Notepad++ to stop working and close if I use the above code. Any suggestions to avoid that?

[PeterJones]

@Ramanand-Jhingade ,

Find All is making Notepad++ to stop working and close if I use the above code.

Which Find All do you mean? Do you mean the Find > Find All in Current Document, Find > Find All in Opened Documents, or Find in Files > Find All ?

Please note that the Find in Files adds another level of confusion, because Notepad++ is trying to figure out the encoding on each file individually, and depending on the bytes in the file and your settings (as described above), it might think some are UTF-8 and others are ANSI or might pick a strange character-set value. The Find in Files isn’t great with non-ASCII characters, unfortunately. There are bug reports / feature requests, but they are taking time to get worked out.

I suggest doing one file at a time for now.

[Ramanand Jhingade]

@PeterJones @Ekopalypse Thank you both for your time and help. @PeterJones Please post here if the bug is fixed and I can Find all/search in multiple files of a folder

[PeterJones]

Please post here if the bug is fixed and I can Find all/search in multiple files of a folder

Don’t misunderstand. Find in Files > Find All works for ASCII characters. And it works with valid characters in well-defined encodings (so a UTF-8-BOM or UCS-2-LE BOM file should properly search-and-replace with any valid character). It’s just when you’re making Notepad++ guess the encoding (one of the many character-set “encodings”) or when there are invalid characters (byte x93 all alone rather than in the appropriate mutli-byte sequence in a UTF-8 file). So, for your unusual use-case, it’s not currently working; but usually, it does.

[Ramanand Jhingade]

@PeterJones By God’s grace, the Find all/search in multiple files of a folder using the Regular expression mode finally worked after I removed all the files that did not end with the

.html

extension. I thank you again from the bottom of my heart!

[PeterJones]

(This post was in progress before your questions about Find All… I came back to this post later, so that future readers of the thread will know which character matches which.)

@Ramanand-Jhingade wrote:

I finally found a solution here: how-to-find-non-ascii-unprintable-characters-using-notepad-plus-plus
We have to select the Regular expression mode and search/find with this code: [\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F-\x9F]

Good job! I applaud your persistence.

However, the solution surprises me.

It didn’t make sense to me that \x93 wouldn’t find “ but that [\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F-\x9F] would. In an ANSI-encoded file, that search makes perfect sense, because those bytes aren’t in ASCII or extended-ASCII. But in a UTF-encoded file, those bytes aren’t valid unless they are part of a multi-byte UTF-8 encoding sequence.

So I started cutting parts out of that expression until I narrowed it down to what’s matching: \x13 matched the x93 byte.

With a UTF-8 encoded file that has bad bytes with the MSB set that don’t get interpreted as part of a multi-byte UTF-8 character sequence, the following appears true:

• \x13 will match the
• \x14 will match the

For example:

So I built up a test file , and started doing searches:

• searching \x00 matches many, including x80, xA0, xB0, xB8, xBC, xBE, xC0, xE0, xF0, xF8, xFC, xFE
• searching \x01 matches eight, including x81, xA1, xB1, xB9, xBD, xC1, xE1, xF1, xF9, xFD
• searching \x02 matches eight, including x82, xA2, xB2, xBA, xC2, xE2, xF2, xFA
• searching \x03 matches eight, including x83, xA3, xB3, xBB, xC3, xE3, xF3, xFB
• searching \x04 matches six, including x84, xA4, xB4, xC4, xE4, xF4
• searching \x05, \x06, and \x07 each match the seven in the same pattern as \x04
• searching \x08 only matches four, including x88, xA8, xC8, xF8 . \x09 works analogously
• searching \x0A matches that same pattern of four, but also matches all the line-feed character in the EOL sequences
• searching \x0B and \x0C each match four, including x8B, xAB, xCB, xFB, x8C, xAC, xCC, xFC,
• searching \x0D matches the pattern of four, and all the carriage returns in the EOL sequences
• searching \x0E matches the pattern of four: x8E, xAE, xCE, xEE
• searching \x0F matches three of the four (but my file didn’t have x8F to match against)
• searching \x10 matches two: x90 and xD0. \x11, \x12, \x13, \x14, \x15, \x16, \x17, \x18, \x19, \x1A, \x1B, \x1C, \x1D, \x1E, \x1F all match the two entries from the 90 and D0 rows.

And no, @Alan-Kilborn , to answer your chat question, it does not change behavior inside of the [] character class.

As near as I can tell, in this poorly-encoded situation, the search engine seems to be applying certain bit-masks when searching for invalid bytes, where it masks out some of the upper bits while looking for matches. (My guess is that the multiple matches for a given search escape has to do with the fact that in valid UTF-8, 8-bit sequences that are 10xxxxxx can only be the second, third, or fourth byte of the multibyute sequence (so that’s 0x80-0xBF); 110xxxxx is the start of a 2-byte sequence (0xC0-0xDF); 1110xxxx is the start of a 3-byte sequence (0xE0-0xEF); and 1111xxxx is the start of a 4-byte sequence (0xF0-0xFF). But that’s a wild guess.)

Remember, all of these were for my experiments, with a file that Notepad++ is interpreting as UTF-8, but have these badly-encoded single bytes with spaces in between. This isn’t a general search technique in a well-formed file with the right encoding selected. None of this is best-practice, but is only here to help correct mal-formed UTF-8 files.

[guy038]

Hello, @ramanand-jhingade, @peterjones, @ekopalypse, @alan-kilborn and All,

Many thanks for your insight about invalid bytes in UTF8 encoded files. Very strange indeed !

So, in summary, if we use the non-regex notation x[U][V] to represent the invalid character xUV :

- The regex  \x00      matches the INVALID bytes x[8ABCEF][0]  and  x[BF][8CE]
- The regex  \x01      matches the INVALID bytes x[8ABCEF][1]  and  x[BF][9D]
- The regex  \x02      matches the INVALID bytes x[8ABCEF][2]  and  x[BF][A]
- The regex  \x03      matches the INVALID bytes x[8ABCEF][3]  and  x[BF][B]  and  \x[B][F]
- The regex  \x0[4-7]  matches the INVALID bytes x[8ABCEF][4-7]
- The regex  \x0[8-F]  matches the INVALID bytes x[8ACE][8-F]
- The regex  \x1[0-F]  matches the INVALID bytes x[9D][0-F]

I tried to find out a general rule explaining these results… without success :-(

Note that the invalid byte xFF, in an UTF-8 encoded file, cannot be find with the notation \x[01][0-F]

---

Now, I think that @ramanand-jhingade could also find and replace the x93arulvaakkux94 string with the following regex S/R :

SEARCH [[:cntrl:]]arulvaakku[[:cntrl:]]

REPLACE "arulvaakku"

Note that, again, the Posix class [[:cntrl:]] is not able to match the invalid UTF-8 byte xFF !

---

As a remainder, here is, in a picture, some pieces of information about the UTF-8 encoding :

Best Regards

guy038

[Alan Kilborn]

@guy038 said in How to find and replace unrecognizable characters in multiple files of a folder with the correct character using Notepad ++?:

here is, in a picture, some pieces of information about the UTF-8 encoding

That’s a nice reference. Where is it from?

I’ve just been using Wikipedia’s similar pictorial reference --> HERE.

[guy038]

Hi, @alan-kilborn and All,

No, just a personal presentation, in a Word document, of some parts of this article that I made some years ago, to fully understand the UTF-8 encoding ;-))

My first table is simply the extension to the complete UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode table, seen here, which is able to encode all the Unicode characters ( 1,114,112 )

With the complete UTF-8 encoding, up to six bytes, it can represent up to 134,217,728 characters ( so from U+0 to U+7FFFFFF )

As you can see, no problem for UTF-8 to encode all characters used in the different inhabited worlds of the galaxy !!!

---

And my second table is simply an other presentation of this one, on Wikipedia

BR

guy038