Go to the Rhino Web Site, download the Rhino interpreter and follow the instructions for running it within the OS window. You can run little snippets, define and run functions and see the output immediately; kind of basic and lacking special environment vars that might be available in a browser, but still a valuable tool.
The other option that I can think of is to create a template HTML doc to test Javascript in, that will take inputs and generate output (check out W3 Schools and their Javascript section for examples of how they do it).